What is the primary limiting factor for ATP production during Anaerobic Glycolysis?

During anaerobic glycolysis, the primary limiting factor for ATP production is the accumulation of hydrogen ions (H⁺). This process occurs when glucose is broken down to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen. As glycolysis progresses, the conversion of pyruvate to lactate leads to the production of hydrogen ions.

When there is an excess of hydrogen ions, it results in a decrease in pH (acidosis), which can inhibit key enzymes involved in glycolysis, thus slowing down ATP production. This accumulation impacts muscle function and can lead to fatigue. By recognizing the role of hydrogen ions in anaerobic metabolism, it becomes clear why their concentration is critical in the regulation of energy production during high-intensity exercise when oxygen supply is limited.

In contrast, although factors such as oxygen depletion, carbon dioxide accumulation, and glucose availability are important in energy metabolism, they are not the primary limiting factors specifically for ATP production during anaerobic glycolysis. The immediate consequences of hydrogen ion buildup make it the central factor impacting energy output in this anaerobic energy system.