Which condition is primarily associated with overuse and repetitive stress on a bone?

The condition primarily associated with overuse and repetitive stress on a bone is a stress fracture. This type of injury occurs when there is excessive loading on the bone, typically from repetitive activities or overtraining without adequate rest. The continuous impact can weaken the bone over time, leading to small cracks that may not be immediately recognized.

In contrast, muscle strains involve the muscles or tendons and result from a sudden force or excessive stretching, not from repetitive stress on a bone itself. Shin splints, or medial tibial stress syndrome, generally refer to pain along the shin bone due to a combination of stress on the muscle, tendons, and bone, but they are not specifically fractures. Shoulder impingement syndrome is related to the shoulder and involves the compression of shoulder tendons or bursa, which is not focused on bone strain. This makes stress fractures the most definitive condition arising from repetitive bone stress among the options provided.