Which of the following would indicate a caloric surplus?

A caloric surplus occurs when a person's energy intake exceeds their energy expenditure, resulting in the body storing the excess energy as fat. This typically leads to weight gain over time. Therefore, observing an increase in weight is a clear indication of a caloric surplus, as the body is taking in more calories than it is burning.

In contrast, weight loss indicates a caloric deficit, where energy expenditure exceeds caloric intake. Stable weight suggests that caloric intake and expenditure are balanced, leading to neither weight gain nor loss. A caloric deficit is specifically the condition where fewer calories are consumed than are burned, resulting in weight loss rather than gain. Thus, weight gain serves as a direct and measurable consequence of a caloric surplus, confirming the correct answer.